Technology
Basics of Quantum Computing
Source: Finance Derivative
Martin Lukac, Associate Professor from Nazarbayev University School of Engineering and Digital Sciences
A quantum computer is a device that performs quantum computations, harnessing the power of atomic and subatomic particles to perform high speed parallel computing.
Conceptually introduced by Richard Feynman in the 1980s as a method for solving instances of the many-body problem, it was not until recently that quantum computing became widely known to the public. The many-body problem is a general name for a large category of physical problems represented by systems of microscopic interacting particles.
When compared to other technology candidates designed to tackle the heat dissipation and the Moore’s limit of the current transistor-based computers, such as DNA computing, 3D transistor or carbon nano-tube, quantum computing has several advantages not available to these “more classical” technologies.
These advantages can be described by four basic postulates defining the principles and possibilities of quantum computing.
The first postulate regards information representation. Classical information in digital computers is represented by logical binary digits (bits). A logical bit can take the value of 1 or 0 depending on whether the voltage in the wire of a logic circuit is High or Low; think of the classic binary coding of 1s and 0s. In contrast, a quantum bit (qubit) is represented by a quantum state described by a wave equation: with and being complex numbers subject to . The quantum state specified by this wave equation is a point on the surface of something called a Bloch sphere.
The second postulate expands on the idea of quantum states: when multiple qubits are used together the space of their states expands exponentially. This means that a set of qubits can represent in the superposition all the combinations of the basis states.
The third postulate specifies that qubits and their states are manipulated using a set of unitary matrix operators: square matrices that are self-inverse. These matrix operators turn the qubit state along the three axes of the Bloch sphere.
The final postulate indicates that quantum information exists until it is not observed. This means that a quantum state of a qubit can contain both of the basis states or at the same time but when one wants to read the quantum state, the result will be either or .
The advantages of quantum computing were first demonstrated by David Deutsch’s algorithm, followed by the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, which demonstrated that quantum computers can answer in a single computational step the question of whether a given function is balanced or constant. A balanced function has half of its outputs 0(1) and a constant function has all outputs 0(1). For a classical computer to determine the answer to this question, it would need to examine at least half of the outputs of a given function. If more than half of the outputs are the same, the function is constant; if not, it is balanced.
Further developments in the nineties, and leading up to today, popularized quantum computing further. Peter Shor’s algorithm for exponentially accelerating integer factorization, Lov Grover’s quadratically accelerating search in un-ordered database, and recently the demonstration of quantum supremacy has made quantum computing very attractive for wider research and the investor community.
While Shor’s algorithm is one of the main motivations behind large governmental funding to quantum computing (think exponentially accelerating decryption of current encryption standards), Grover’s algorithm’s wider application spurred a large number of search acceleration optimization. Finally, the demonstration of quantum supremacy showed that it is indeed possible to construct quantum computers that perform much faster than any classical computer.
There are two main reasons behind the difficulty for quantum computers to break into the mainstream. Firstly, quantum computing computes in the quantum space. This implies that classical inputs have to be prepared (made quantum before processing) and quantum outputs of the computation have to be measured to be made classical and, therefore, available for further processing. This severely limits the amount of information that can be extracted from the quantum states which, in turn, limits the possible acceleration of computing using quantum computers.
Secondly, quantum states require an almost perfect vacuum, near-absolute zero temperature, and they do not like to remain in the desired quantum state due to decoherence, which means qubits interacting with the environment lose information. These issues are being gradually solved by progress in material science and by improving control protocols of quantum operations.
Near-future applications are already visible in the form of quantum security, quantum communication, quantum cryptography and large-scale quantum computation. Quantum computing has the potential to solve many of the current big data problems by accelerating the processing and storing it on even a denser space. Quantum supercomputers will be the first to appear within the next 10 years.
You may like
Business
Using technology to safeguard against fraud this holiday season
Source: Finance Derivative
Tristan Prince, Product Director, Fraud & Financial Crime, Experian
The holiday season brings with it a surge in consumer spending, with UK shoppers expected to part with an impressive £28 billion this year. Unfortunately, this increased activity also draws the attention of cybercriminals looking to exploit vulnerabilities in security systems and personal data.
For financial institutions, the stakes have never been higher. With identity fraud on the rise and new regulations from the Payment Systems Regulator, there is a pressing need to ramp up fraud prevention measures. This season, businesses must leverage innovative technologies to protect their customers and ensure a safe shopping experience.
Fraud is on the rise
In recent years, the prevalence of fraud has reached new levels. Identity fraud alone has seen a 21% increase during the holiday season since 2021, with last year’s figures showing that 83% of all fraud cases were identity-related.
This alarming trend continues in 2024, with a 12.5% increase in identity fraud cases recorded in just the first half of the year. These statistics highlight a troubling reality: fraud is evolving, becoming more sophisticated and harder to detect.
Technology: the key to fighting fraud
Despite these challenges, financial institutions are not powerless. Advanced technology is playing a pivotal role in strengthening defences against fraud. From artificial intelligence (AI) to collaborative data networks, companies now have powerful tools at their disposal to outwit even the most determined criminals.
Artificial intelligence: a game-changer
AI has emerged as a cornerstone in modern fraud prevention strategies. By analyzing massive datasets in real time, AI can quickly identify unusual activity and potential fraud.
Here’s how AI is reshaping fraud detection:
- Real-time monitoring
AI systems continuously monitor transactions, instantly identifying irregular patterns that could indicate fraud. This allows institutions to intervene before any damage is done. - Behavioral insights
By examining customer behaviour, AI can detect deviations from typical spending habits, such as unexpected purchases or login attempts from unusual locations. These insights not only help prevent fraud but also improve the experience for legitimate customers by reducing unnecessary disruptions. - Strengthened identity checks
AI-powered tools verify customer identities by cross-referencing data from various sources, ensuring transactions are carried out by the right individuals while minimizing delays.
Data sharing: strength in unity
In addition to AI, collaborative data sharing between financial institutions is proving to be a powerful weapon against fraud. By pooling insights on fraudulent activities and suspicious trends, companies can create a unified front to tackle threats more effectively.
The benefits of data collaboration:
- Broader visibility: Sharing information helps institutions detect fraud patterns that might otherwise go unnoticed within their own systems.
- Faster action: Real-time data exchange ensures that when one company flags a suspicious transaction, others can respond immediately, preventing further attacks.
Holiday security: a shared responsibility
The fight against fraud is a continuous battle. Although technology has made significant inroads in preventing financial crime, fraudsters are constantly refining their methods. This requires financial institutions to remain agile and invest in the latest innovations.
Encouragingly, advancements in fraud prevention are already yielding results. For example, the financial services sector successfully blocked £710 million worth of unauthorized fraud in the first half of 2024, thanks to cutting-edge solutions like AI and data-sharing networks.
Making the holidays safe for everyone
As the festive season gets underway, businesses must prioritize the safety of their customers. Through strategic use of technology, financial institutions can outpace fraudsters and protect consumers during one of the busiest shopping periods of the year.
By embracing innovation, fostering collaboration, and maintaining vigilance, companies can ensure that shoppers feel secure, and the spirit of the season remains intact. Together, we can make this festive season safer for everyone.
Business
The Evolution of AI in Trading: Building Smarter Partnerships Between Humans and Machines
In these uncertain times where what we are seeing is increasing and perhaps most importantly , unprecedented volatility in the financial markets, it is no surprise that the integration of AI in trading has become a focal point of industry discussion. Today, we’re witnessing a fundamental shift in how traders approach markets against the backdrop of an exponential growth in data complexity.
You get a sense that it’s the same story on trading desks worldwide. One can not deny that the sheer volume and velocity of market-moving information has now surpassed human cognitive capacity. All this means is that we’re at a critical inflection point.
If you look back, it’s clear that ever since the first algorithmic trading systems took seed, we’ve been moving toward this moment. But as with most things in financial technology, the reality is somewhat more nuanced.
The Reality of Real-Time Analysis
Initially, many believed AI would simply replace human traders. But yet perhaps what we need here is some perspective. It is my view that we can expect AI to augment rather than replace human decision-making in trading. Think of it like this – in this scenario, machines will help handle the heavy lifting of data processing and analysis while traders focus on final strategy.
Now, there’s a reason why leading trading houses are investing heavily in AI capabilities and it is simply because successful trading will increasingly rely on human-AI partnerships. At least that’s what our experience with the major trading institutions we work with indicates.
Risk Management in the AI Era
Let’s briefly look at risk management and AI’s capacity for processing vast amounts of market data is nothing short of remarkable. What we’ve found using our own systems in-house is that risk management becomes more proactive when powered by AI. Again and again, we have been seeing how machine learning models can identify potential risks before they materialise, helping a trader to make better trading decisions and spotting new opportunities which may otherwise not have surfaced.
So there it is. The keys to effective risk management lie in combining AI’s processing power with human judgment. And the good news is despite these technological advancements, it can not be overstated just how important human experience remains.
The Evolution of The Human-AI Partnership
In this light, as long as we rely on markets driven by human behaviour, we’ll need human insight. And so, defining what is classed as effective AI integration is becoming vital, as is helping traders to understand both AI’s capabilities and limitations.
From our point of view it has been fascinating to witness the different reactions to embedding AI capabilities in trading – from keen early-adopters willing to take a chance on something new all the way down to dinosaurs prefer to rely on traditional methods and will inevitably be left behind as the race for AI supremacy intensifies.
Increasingly, we’re seeing successful traders embrace AI as a partner rather than a replacement. At the end of the day, markets are complex adaptive systems and those who will win will be those who use AI to enhance human decision-making.
As for the future, one cannot argue against the fact that AI will play an increasingly important role in trading. Even that feels like an understatement. Everywhere you look, trading firms are investing in AI capabilities – some far more quickly and deeply than others – and it’s without a doubt that this trend will continue exponentially.
Author Bio
Wilson Chan is the Founder of Permutable AI, a London-based fintech pioneering AI solutions for financial markets. With roots at Merrill Lynch and Bank of America, he bridges institutional trading expertise with cutting-edge technology. Their latest innovation, the Trading Co-Pilot, delivers real-time event-driven insights for traders, combining geopolitical, macroeconomic, and supply-side data.
Business
Driving UK business growth with AI reskilling, even during economic uncertainty
Alexia Pedersen, SVP International at O’Reilly
Amid ongoing economic challenges, UK businesses are grappling with salary stagnation and limited hiring. Employees, eager to advance their careers, are turning to digital reskilling as a pathway forward. Our latest research found that almost four in five (79%) UK employers have seen staff request digital upskilling opportunities over the last twelve months to strengthen their career prospects, particularly in roles linked to emerging technologies like AI and machine learning (ML).
Our platform has witnessed a surge in demand for learning resources on AI programming (66%), data analysis (59%), and operational AI/ML (54%) learning materials. We’ve also seen an uptick in demand for general AI literacy as IT teams encounter the hallucinations generative AI tools can exhibit.
However, given the accelerated integration of generative AI in most enterprises, the need for general AI literacy has extended beyond IT teams. In fact, 60% of enterprises are expected to have adopted generative AI in some form by the end of this year. Yet, while most business leaders agree their workforces need to be reskilled in GenAI, only 10% of workers are currently trained in GenAI tools. Now, non-technical employees are now seeking reskilling opportunities in AI and ML, cybersecurity, data analysis and programming.
This shift reflects widespread recognition of how emerging technologies can redefine roles and unlock new opportunities. So, how can employers ensure that every employee – not just IT – develops the skills to navigate and leverage AI and other digital tools?
Cultivating a culture of continuous learning
The integration of digital technologies requires more than just adopting the latest tools; it demands a skilled workforce committed to long-term innovation and growth. Businesses deploying AI must prepare every employee to effectively use these tools. Here, a continuous learning approach will ensure that digital transformation benefits the organisation at every level, driving resilience and adaptability within an evolving tech landscape.
Embedding learning in daily workflows, encouraging curiosity, and supporting tailored development initiatives can help achieve this goal. Cross-functional collaboration and knowledge-sharing can help to break down silos, allowing diverse perspectives to be shared amongst teams.
To foster a culture of continuous learning, people teams should emphasise to management the importance of “re-recruiting” to highlight the value of continuously investing in and engaging with talent as consciously as during the hiring process. The best results stem from having an executive sponsor who leads by example, championing learning at all levels. At the same time, employees should feel empowered to take ownership of their own growth, creating a culture where development is an ongoing, shared responsibility between individuals and the organisation.
Joining a company is only the beginning, and sustaining a valuable relationship depends on both the organisation’s support and the employee’s commitment to their own continuous development. To thrive, employees must actively seek out skill-building opportunities and leverage the learning resources available to them. Doing so will help employees remain agile within an evolving technological landscape, while also enhancing their own productivity and contributing to overall organisational success.
Real-time learning
For employees seeking opportunities for personal growth, to bridge the gap between learning and day-to-day responsibilities, employers can harness the ‘in the flow of work’ approach to provide staff with real-time access to quality learning content.
This concept was coined by Josh Bersin to describe a paradigm in which employees learn something new, quickly apply it and return to their work in progress. It’s different from traditional learning approaches like attending a seminar or conference. These learning formats are effective, but many employees simply don’t have the time to devote to them or they prefer to learn at a time that suits them best.
Instead, it entails providing employees with tools that allow them to quickly find contextually relevant answers to their questions at a time that suits their schedule. Companies can offer ‘in the flow of work’ learning opportunities via an L&D partner to tailor materials to an individual’s unique learning style and objectives.
This is particularly important not only for young talent who are new to the workforce but also for existing employees who are proactively seeking opportunities to develop their skills and advance their careers. In turn, this approach to workplace learning will increase employee engagement and productivity, fostering innovation and growth that improves the bottom line.
Preparing for the future
As businesses face a rapidly evolving landscape, a continuous learning strategy focused on digital reskilling and upskilling can help them remain competitive. It empowers employees to take charge of their personal growth, fostering a resilient workforce prepared for tomorrow’s challenges.
For companies navigating hiring freezes or budget constraints, prioritising AI literacy and skills development amongst their employees in critical areas such as cybersecurity, cloud, and data analysis can help drive productivity and innovation while ensuring that organisations remain agile during times of technological change. Above all, supporting reskilling today will develop the foundations for a thriving, adaptable workforce ready to face tomorrow’s challenges.